Personal Cultural Systems Plural Society -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Personal Cultural Systems Plural Society? Answer: Presentation Changes in the Bilingual training have significant impact on instruction around the globe. This report gives a portion of the significant research identified with reason and viability of the bilingual training. Bilingual training remembers the dynamic acts of learning based for two dialects utilized by the instructive organizations of nations in the general public where different dialects exist. It might be where two distinct dialects exist. Then again, it might be the circumstance that as opposed to the state language, different dialects are available. In present time, bilingual projects is utilized in the schools, schools and colleges where they are focusing on the investigation of the unknown dialect and global societies. Alongside this, bilingual projects are intended to improve understudy connection in intercultural condition. Presently, bilingual instruction can be found in the pre-school establishments. There is tremendous commitment to the bilingual instruction framework at a beginning time. For example, well known and popular venture LIGHT is effectively bolstered by numerous nations for example France, Germany, Finland and Austria. It is seen that bilingual instruction in the beginning time is best for youngsters as kids are progressively open to the new and they don't have any sort of check and pigeonhole. For example, there is one of the Australian school concentrating on the bilingual instruction for example Huntingdale Primary school. In this instruction framework, school is giving diverse educational plan to create bilingual aptitudes in the understudies (Pray Jimenez, 2009). Point and degree The fundamental target of this report is to assemble and break down issue of bilingual in training framework across Australia and discover the most conceivable answer for manage this issue. It integrates and sums up the proper observational work on bilingual instruction in schools at beginning periods. This report assesses the nature of these investigations and spotlights on the improvement if bilingual instruction framework in the schools. The main impetus for this examination is to make the understandings of how submersion youth instruction contributes is gainful in bilingualism and early school enhancements for progress. For the examination, ongoing pertinent investigations on the bilingual and inundate youth projects would be engaged. Writing survey The term bilingualism is very troublesome and questionable to characterize. As indicated by Baker (1993), bilingualism is a sort of youngster who can communicate in two dialects easily. Some different scientists contended that bilingualism begins promptly the understudy can deliver total and important discourse in different dialects. Further, bilingualism starts when somebody begins to comprehend different dialects with no hindrances. In bilingualism, there is one more term for example newborn child or youngster bilingualism. As indicated by the Saunders (1988), baby bilingual can be portrayed as the prompt obtaining of two dialects from birth. Youngster bilingualism is progressive familiarity with two dialects for example kid learns first language inside the family and afterward learns second language in preschool or early school years. Those kids who are bilingual before four years old have more odds of utilizing the two dialects fluidly. Alongside this, they have familiarity with language; they have elevated level of level of skill at unique reasoning, imaginative reasoning and idea development. There ought to be bilingual instruction framework in the Australian schools as in the nation, lion's share of the Australian conceived family units are not bilingual and foreigner families. Along these lines, for the advancement of youngsters, there must be bilingual instruction framework in the schools (Lin Garca, 2016). Newborn child or Child bilingualism Youngster bilingual is one who has progressive familiarity with two dialects. Those kinds of kids secure first language inside the family and afterward learn second language in the school years. In the event that a youngster has not get introduction of another dialect from birth or inside the family, at that point the individual won't be named a newborn child bilingual as the individual isn't learning those two dialects by birth. In the Australia, there is the multicultural society and bilingual instruction is effectively bantered in the general public. Bilingual training must be given at youth to improve reception. Park (2007) contended that remote ladies who are working in the nation must embrace language in which they can bring up their youngsters easily. As indicated by her, capability in the native language is useful in the improvement of youngsters as far as learning aptitudes. The world is changing at the constant level and there is the need of profoundly created abilities for the understudies for turning out to be fruitful worldwide resident. There are different circumstances those are fundamental for the understudies to get effective. In the schools of Australia, instructors are showing various methods of learning and thinking to the understudies. Those abilities can be moved in the day by day life and ordinary circumstances for long lasting learning. It is essential to comprehend the job of bilingual training in the Australian culture (Skerrett Gunn, 2011). Job of bilingualism in Australia At all the degrees of instruction framework for example counsels, instructors, educators, service, school the board, sheets of trustees, and study hall educators, there must be a viable message of boosting bilingual training for the kids or babies who communicate in just a single language. The utilization of different dialects influences bilingual instruction and training result for bilingual individuals. It is considered by the analysts that mix of dialects improves the ability base of an individual. Bilingual training involves the act of showing kids in their local language and optional language simultaneously. There are numerous types of bilingual instruction essentially and the execution of the program in the training framework is successful (Umansky Reardon, 2015). Bilingual instruction has vital job to give the chances to the youngsters to advance in their subjects including science, arithmetic, and social investigations in their local language. Alongside this, they learn secon d language in the different study halls. The goal of bilingual instruction is to make the understudy familiar with two unique dialects. Bilingual training framework assumes an imperative job on the planet as basic language is urgent for acceptable correspondence and comprehension. Because of the multicultural social orders and presence of different dialects in these social orders, bilingual instruction has extraordinary significance. The job of bilingual instruction will set up concordance and quietness among the individuals in the general public (Mongeau, 2016). In Australia, numerous schools have bilingual projects for kids and understudies who are communicating in network dialects other than English. These projects are led from the help of the legislature. There is bilingual training for local understudies. For example, in the Northern locale, bilingual projects for the local understudies were begun in the mid 1970s. Moreover, the legislature of Northern district declared to begin 21 bilingual projects to show English as the second language in 1998. Alongside this, bilingual projects were proceeding under the appearance of two-way training. From that point forward, in 2005, The Minister of Education, Employment and Training reported for reestablishment bilingual instruction at 15 network instruction focuses. The point of recharging was to give successful instruction from pre-school to each locale. Bilingual instruction at home Utilizing two dialects in family units isn't a simple activity. It needs heaps of order and persistence from the guardians. In Australia, there are around 5 million individuals who utilizes different dialects as opposed to English at home. The most potential dialects spoken by individuals incorporate Italian (2%), Mandarin (2%), Greek (1%), Vietnams (1%) and Cantonese (1%) and Arabic (1%). On the off chance that somebody experienced childhood in France in a bilingual family in which father is French-talking and mother is English-talking, at that point there is the need to communicate in their particular dialects by the guardians as their kids needs to profit in each culture and speak with others in the general public (Department of Immigration and Border Protection, 2012). By utilizing both the dialects, kid will get familiarity with English just as France language and will get bilingual. Bringing up a youngster with two dialects needs consistent and supported endeavors by the guardi ans. In any case, there are a few families that may not follow bilingual framework in the families. Some may include land leads inside the house. Along these lines, it is essential to improve the bilingual instruction framework in schools with the goal that youngsters can learn one language in home and another dialect in schools (Skutnabb-Kangas McCarty, 2008). Bilingual training at school- The youngster can without much of a stretch take in new dialect beginning from birth to around e years old. From 2 to 3 years of age, youngsters realize that language they can communicate and uncover themselves by tongue and the vast majority of the dialects are presented in the schools. In the bilingual projects, language is viewed as coordinated into educational plan. In the schools, instructors show something by the language. Being bilingual essentially implies communicating in two dialects without fundamentally learning them. There are a few models in the bilingual training to show second dialects to the understudies (Disbray, 2017). Advantages of bilingual instruction Bilingual instruction has numerous points of interest for the general public. The mentality to the bilingual instruction ought to be dealt with gently, expertly and cautiously. There are numerous advantages of the bilingual training in schools for the individuals who are not bilingual and outsider families. Bilingual instruction permits the understudies to change in the multilingual world and various societies. In the bilingual instruction, preparing gives the chance to the understudies to learn one of the dialects of

charant Characterization in Sophocles Antigone Essays -- Antigone es

Antigone†Characterizationâ â â â â â â   â â This article will represent the kinds of characters delineated in Sophocles’ appalling dramatization, Antigone, regardless of whether static or dynamic, level or round, and whether depicted through the appearing or telling strategy.  Martin Heidegger in â€Å"The Ode on Man in Sophocles’ Antigone† clarifies, in a fairly included theory,â the decimation of Creon’s character:  The contention between the staggering nearness of the essent all in all and man’s rough being-there makes the chance of ruin into the issueless and placeless: catastrophe. Be that as it may, calamity and the chance of fiasco don't happen just toward the end, when a solitary demonstration of intensity comes up short, when the vicious one makes a bogus move; no, this debacle is principal, it oversees and holds up in the contention among brutality and the overwhelming. Viciousness against the dominant intensity of being must break against being, if being rules in its quintessence, as material science, as rising power(98).  The exchange, activity and inspiration rotate about the characters in the story (Abrams 32-33). Werner Jaeger in â€Å"Sophocles’ Mastery of Character Development† gives the writer the most elevated pat on the back as to character advancement:  The ingrained impression which Sophocles makes on us today and his perpetual situation in the writing of the world are both because of his character-drawing. In the event that we solicit which from the people of Greek catastrophe have a free life in the creative mind separated from the stage and from the genuine plot wherein they show up, we should reply, ‘those made by Sophocles, most importantly others’ (36).  Surelyâ it tends to be said of Sophocles’ fundamental characters that they develop past the two measurement... ...ment of his proclamation; he changes after Teiresias’ visit and cautioning. Ismene and Haemon become dynamic later in the disaster. Once in a while does the screenwriter utilize the theme to pass on data; a large portion of this originates from trades of discourse, which would be the demonstrating strategy.  WORKS CITED  Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms, seventh ed. New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1999.  Antigone by Sophocles. Deciphered by R. C. Jebb. no pag. http://classics.mit.edu/Sophocles/antigone.html  Heidegger, Martin. â€Å"The Ode on Man in Sophocles’ Antigone.† In Sophocles: A Collection of Critical Essays, altered by Thomas Woodard. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.  Jaeger, Werner. â€Å"Sophocles’ Mastery of Character Development.† In Readings on Sophocles, altered by Don Nardo. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1997. Â

Disagree Essay In the Future will there be Fewer Cars

Sample TOEFL Agree/Disagree Essay In the Future will there be Fewer Cars The QuestionIn twenty years there will be fewer cars in use than there are today. Do you agree or disagree?Special Offer: TOEFL Essay Evaluation and ScoringYou can now sign up to have your practice essays evaluated and scored by the author of this web page. Its a great way to learn how you will do before test day and how you can best prepare for the test. Sign up today.The Sample EssayMost people agree that cars will always be an important part of society.. In my opinion, in the near future there will be many more vehicles in use that there are nowadays. I feel this way for two reasons, which I will explore in the following essay.First of all, the developing world is rapidly urbanizing, which means that in the future more people will need to drive to their workplace. In the past, most people in developing nations engaged in agricultural labor near their homes. In contrast, today people are more likely to live in apartment buildings far from the businesses and industries where they wo rk. My friend Simon is a compelling example of this. His parents and grandparents worked on farms in northern Sokovia. Occasionally, they traveled short distances on foot, but most of the time they stayed fairly close to the village where they were born. Simon, on the other hand, moved to a city last year to work in a steel plant and drives almost thirty kilometers from his home to the plant every day. All of his co-workers do the same,. I can see no indication that this trend will halt in the future. In fact, it seems likely that even more people will experience this.Secondly, incomes are rising all over the world, which means that in the future automobiles will be affordable for even more people. In the past, owning a car was a privilege enjoyed only by those living in the developed world. Now, however, consumers in developing countries like China and India purchase millions of cars every year. Simon’s experience is also typical of this trend. At the moment he does not own his o wn car, but instead gets to work by carpooling with a neighbor. However, he dreams of owning a vehicle of his own. While it might make financial sense for him to continue carpooling or take public transportation, he views car ownership as a symbol of affluence. Simon has even indicated to me that someday he hopes to own two automobiles, just like many people in the west.In conclusion, I am of the opinion that in the future there will be more vehicles on the road than there are today. This is because the world is rapidly urbanizing, and because rising incomes will open up even more markets for automobile companies. (391words)

The Unified Software Development Process Framework

Reflections of chapter 1, 2 and 3: Chapter 1: Computer Technology: Your Need to Know Unified Process: The Unified Software Development Process is a popular iterative and incremental software development process framework. Fig.1.1 – Disciplines and phases in the Unified Process Phases under Unified process: 1) The Inception phase: It basically focuses on establishing the project s scope and vision. 2) The Elaboration phase: It focuses on establishing the system s requirements and architecture. 3) The Construction phase: It focuses on completing construction or building of the system. 4) The Transition phase: It focuses on completing transitioning or deployment of the system to the user community. Disciplines under Unified Process:†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ The testing discipline includes activities that verify correct functioning of infrastructure and application software components. 4) Deployment Disciplines: †¢ The deployment discipline contains set of activities for installing and configuring infrastructure and application software components and bringing them into operation. †¢ Technical knowledge of computer hardware and system software is needed to perform deployment tasks. Chapter 2: Introduction to System architecture Computer system classes: Computer systems are classified on the basis of CPU, storage capacity, I/O capacity, and number of users simultaneously using a system, and an application software. Classes of computer systems: †¢ Microcomputer †¢ Portable †¢ Midrange computer †¢ Mainframe †¢ Supercomputer 1) Microcomputer: †¢ It is a small sized relatively cheap computer with a microprocessor and a CPU. †¢ It can also be known as a Personal computer or a workstation. †¢ It is a computer with less capacity and capability less than a minicomputer. †¢ Specially in the 1970s and 80s with the advent microcomputers became popular in the 1970s and 80s †¢ Computer memory is in the form RAM. †¢ Workstation is more powerful than a personal computer which can be specifically used for scientific purpose. 2) Portable: †¢ Portable computer is cheaper than a microcontroller as the components used are reduced in size and also a technology of a battery is improved. †¢ Again there are different types of

The Impact Of Foreign Policy On International Trade Essay

Ever since the first involvement of government in international trade, many people have posed their opinion about what the role of government should be in it. Different factors are involved when it comes to deciding what this should be. It impacts a lot of people, so in order to do that, trade policy must be properly defined, identify what the roles of government currently are, and their involvement in it, and then analyse what should be their role. Trade policy is how a country carries out trade with other countries (Commercial Policy, n.d). Even though a lot of people support government intervention in international trade, countries would benefit a lot more if the government removes protectionism and promotes free trade instead. Trade policy is defined as a collection of rules and regulations that are made by public officials which relate to trade (Trade Policy, 2010). An organisation that makes the rules of trading amongst its member nations is the World Trade Organisation (WTO). They are the ones who handles trade issues, supervises trade policies, gives technical assistance to developing countries and participates with other international trade organisations (World Trade Organisation, n.d). New Zealand is an example of a country that works with the WTO. Due to this, it enables them to have a free trade policy. Trading is essential to New Zealand’s economy, as they can only afford the services and goods that they import by selling exports to other countries. Free tradeShow MoreRelatedForeign Policy : Trade With Foreign Nations854 Words   |  4 PagesForeign Policy – Trade with Foreign Nations The policy issue I have chosen is trade with foreign nations. The approach that the United States government has adopted to address foreign trade is varied depending on the nation in question. For some nations, the United States has what is called a Free Trade Agreement which is an â€Å"arrangement among two or more countries under which they agree to eliminate tariffs and nontariff barriers on trade in goods among themselves† (Cooper, Free Trade Agreements:Read MoreThe Impact Of International Business On Business Environment Essay1633 Words   |  7 PagesIf the firms, which enter the international market, are ineffective at risk management, this is a risk in itself for Governments, as it can lead to economic inconsistencies. International business differs from domestic business for a variety of reasons, including as culture, labour and environmental standards, foreign exchange and political, economic and legal systems. The main reason for why there is such a significant di fference between the two types of business is due to the increased risk associatedRead MorePolitical Factors That Affect International Business1020 Words   |  5 Pagesfactors that affect international business include† (Justin Ervin. Zachary Smith A.2008). One significant political environmental factor that influences international business operation is trade agreements. Countries frequently enter into trade treaties to further facilitate trade between themselves. Case in point, a European Union consisting of countries like France, Germany and Italy where the organizations of these member states can with few legal requirements, these international business haveRead MoreInternational Trade Policy Of Russia1531 Words   |  7 Pagesauthor attempt to shed light on the introduction the international trade policy of Russia. 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However, there are four main qualities of our foreign policy and international relations that define the process, and that is statesmanshipRead MoreExplicit and Implicit Barriers1270 Words   |  6 Pageshow they impact MNCs Benjamin Osiel International marketing is a concrete field and established on the principle that transactions can be carried out through International marketing much more effectively because of many necessities that are still unsatisfied throughout the world. Hence, this particular field could improve the quality of life of each individual (Cayla and Arnould, 2008). It is identified that organisations would experience difficulties by exporting because of trade barriers,Read MoreInternational Trade Management Lecture Notes Essay1632 Words   |  7 PagesInternational Trade Management Lecture 1 Juney Notes Globalisation Debate Lecture Objectives: 1. Globalisation Trends (Have choices, Cheaper) 1.1 Globalisation 1.2 Trends 1.3 To operate abroad, consider†¦ 2. 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This document will analyze the impact of a country’s net balance of payments on the exchange rate of the country’s currency. An analysis of the impact of a country’s net level of interest rates and nominal inflation rate on the country’s exchanged rate will also be reviewed. In addition, a review of the growth in a country’s Gross National Product will be analyzed to determine if there is any relationship to a country’s trade deficits. FinallyRead MoreU.s. Trade Pattern Is Affected By The 2008 Financial Crisis883 Words   |  4 PagesS. trade pattern is affected by the 2008 financial crisis. There are few macro factors which are the driven forces behind financial crisis. From above sections, we conclude that the U.S. is more flexible to promulgate new country specific trade policy due to its imports centralization from few countries, and China is more sensitive to the protective trade policy due to its economic growth is more relying on the exports. The consumers’ purchasing power is also a factor which will have impacts on bilateral

The role of intuitive judgement in strategic decision-making Free Essays

Introduction This research will examine The Role of Intuitive Judgement in Strategic Decision-Making by studying the measures used within the organisations and means of a Literature Review. Literature Review will look at the, use of intuitive skills which will be discussed. Research questions, the circumstances under which intuitive judgement is employed and the conditions under which it is effective and strategic decision-making are considered. We will write a custom essay sample on The role of intuitive judgement in strategic decision-making or any similar topic only for you Order Now Finally, the Literature Review will explore the role played by intuition in TMT decision-making. Using MBTI (Myers Briggs Type Indicator), the study will analyse the decision making style of managers. Those are two perceiving functions, sensing and intuition (irrational) the two judging functions, thinking and feeling (rational). Myers et al., 1998 has identified four cognitive styles (ST, SF, NT and NF). Sufficient support has received for using the method of MBTI (Myers Briggs Type Indicator) as a measure of Jungian Personality dimensions. (e.g. Rosenak Shontz 1988;Gardner Martinko, 1996; Myers et al, 1998). (Cited in Gallen, T. 2006). Thus this study will fill the gap between Hambrick and Mason’s (1984) ‘upper echelons’ model of organizations, in the field of strategic decision-making which mainly examined the demographic factors influencing top management team’s (TMT’s) decision-making and firm performance not intuition’s role and team interaction mechanisms affect in the process of decision making and firm performance. The research question is: How do team interaction mechanisms affect intuitive judgement of the Leader (Decision Maker)? Approach and Outline(Theory Being Tested) The conceptual model shows that Team effectiveness – displayed as an input-throughput-output model – is a multilevel phenomenon. As Hambrick and Mason (1984) argue, corporate performance is a reflection of the decision makers in the upper echelons of the corporation, thus director-level variables are linked to firm-level variables. However, as argued above, this type of reasoning ignores Agor (1986) study which indicates that intuition is especially important in situations characterised by high levels of uncertainty, where facts are limited, where there are few precedents and when time is limited. In order to promote change in an organization’s strategy, (Gallen, T. 2006) it might be necessary to consider a successor’s personality too: sometimes a sensing (S) manager may be replaced by an intuitive (N) manager. (Gallen, T. 2006) In line with Clares (1999) suggests that those who can think intuitively may have a valuable contribution to make to the management process, thus Director Characteristics include Extraversion (E)/Introversion (I) Sensing (S)/Intuition (N) and Thinking (T)/Feeling (F). Next, these input variables lead to outcomes, first at the team level. The team role performance block is to be interpreted as the issue to what extent the team monitors top management and to what extent the team provides resources to the firm. Team-level outcomes contribute to firm performance, where one has to take into account that good corporate performance is defined differently by various stakeholders (Wood and Jones, 1995). The behavioural propositions will be tested on a dataset that will be gathered for this research. This data will consist of answers to a wide variety of statements on team working style and the company’s environment. Several hundred replies will be collected from UK and Indian SMEs and MLEs, CEOs. The studies in this set focus on UK and Indian corporations. A first study will identify team processes such as effort, conflict, cooperation and use of knowledge and hypothesis upon the relationships among these concepts and between these concepts and team role performance. An intriguing issue in this research is that the major team roles that have been identified are theoretically non-complementary (monitoring requires distance, whereas strategy and service demands proximity) and practically unidentified because various activities are performed that could be considered part of both roles. A second study will test hypotheses on team capital and team performance, confronting the views of CEOs and chairmen on team relations. For both studies, case studies and small sample quantitative research needed to be identified the variables of interest and standard instruments to measure these concepts have been developed but it remains to be shown that the results generalise to larger populations and which contextual forces are important. The second set of studies concerns the team’s role in satisfying claims of stakeholder groups other than shareholders only. Specifically, it will be analysed whether some demographic configuration of the team is preferred to other team structures if it comes to making stakeholder relationships profitable. Thus, in terms of Figure 1, the middle column is held constant and a detailed analysis of director characteristics on various performance measures will be undertaken. A longitudinal study will be undertaken to investigate the dynamics of the alleged relationship between team interaction mechanisms and intuitive judgment. This study thus assesses whether team interaction mechanism is a serious issue. A cross-sectional study will be conducted to pinpoint at network theoretical and team demographic variables that are key to this relationship, seeking an optimal team structure from various team management’s views. The third and final set of studies takes a specific aspect of the intuitive role of directors and a theory of intuitive judgment in strategic decision making will be developed and answers will be sought to the How do team interaction mechanisms affect intuitive judgment of the Leader (Decision Maker)?, question that have been left unanswered to date. This field is theoretically highly undeveloped and thus it is not yet clear where to fit the set of studies in Figure 1. It is likely, however, that the development will be parallel to the first set in which director and team characteristics will be considered as drivers of firm strategy. The empirical setting is United Kingdom and India, for which a set on compliance with the corporate governance code and director profiles and networks will be composed. The studies are cross-sectional in nature and cover the majority of UK and Indian listed corporations. Qualitative data will be used in this connection and analysis of data will be interpreted using SPSS. List of References Agor, W.H. (1986), The Logic of Intuitive Decision Making: A Research-based Approach for Top Management, Quorum Books, New York, NY. Clares, M.-T. (1999), â€Å"Women, men and management styles†, International Labour Review, 138 (4), pp. 41-6. Daily, C.M., Dalton, D.R., and Cannella, A.A. jr. 2003. Corporate governance: decades of dialogue and data. Academy of Management Review 28: pp. 371-382 Forbes, D.P., and Milliken, F.J. 1999. Cognition and corporate governance: Understanding boards of directors as strategic decision-making groups. Academy of Management Review 24: pp.489-505 Gallen, T. 2006 Managers and strategic decisions: does the cognitive style matterJournal of Management Development. 25 (2) pp. 118-133. Gabrielsson, J., and Huse, M. 2004. Context, behavior, and evolution: Challenges in research on boards and governance. International Studies of Management and Organization 34: pp.11-36. Gardner, W.L., Martinko, M.J. (1996), â€Å"Using the Myers-Briggs type indicator to study managers: a literature review and research agenda†, Journal of Management, 22 (1), pp.45-83. Hambrick, D.C., Mason, P.A. (1984), â€Å"Upper echelons: the organization as a reflection of its top managers†, Academy of Management Review, 9 (2), pp.193-206. Henderson, J.C., Nutt, P.C. (1980), â€Å"The influence of decision style on decision-making behavior†, Management Science, 26(4), pp.371-86. Hermalin, B.E., and Weisbach, M.S. 1998. Endogenously chosen boards of directors and their monitoring of the CEO. American Economic Review 88: pp.96-118 Hillman, A.J., and Dalziel, T. 2003. Boards of directors and firm performance: Integrating agency and resource dependence perspectives. Academy of Management Review 28: pp.383-396 Huse, M. 1993. Relational norms as a supplement to neo-classical understanding of directorates: An empirical study of boards of directors. Journal of Socio-economics 22: pp.219-240 John Hayes, Christopher W. Allinson, Steven J. Armstrong, (2004) â€Å"Intuition, women managers and gendered stereotypes†, Personnel Review, Vol. 33 Iss: 4, pp.403 – 417 Ibarra, H., Kilduff, M., and Tsai, W. 2005. Zooming in and out: Connecting individuals and collectivities at the frontiers of organizational network research. Organization Science 16: pp.359-371. Isenberg, D.J. (1984), â€Å"How senior managers think†, Harvard Business Review, November-December, pp. 81-90. McNulty, T., and Pettigrew, A. 1999. Strategists on the board. Organization Studies 20: pp.47-74 Myers, I.B., McCaulley, M.H., Quenk, N.L., Hammer, A.L. (1998), A Guide to the Development and Use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, 3rd ed., Consulting Psychologist Press, Palo Alto, CA, . Parikh, J., Neubauer, F. and Lank, A.G. (1994), Intuition: The New Frontier of Management, Blackwell, Oxford Pettigrew, A.M. 1992. On studying managerial elites. Strategic Management Journal 13: pp.163-182 Rosenak, C.M., Shontz, F.C. (1988), â€Å"Jungian Q-sorts: demonstrating construct validity for psychological type and the MBTI†, Journal of Psychological Type, 15 pp.33-45. Stumpf, S.A., Dunbar, R.L.M. (1991), â€Å"The effects of personality type on choices made in strategic decision situations†, Decision Sciences, 22 (5), pp.1047-69. Tiina Gallen, (2006) â€Å"Managers and strategic decisions: does the cognitive style matter?†, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 25 Iss: 2, pp.118 – 133 Wood, D.J. and Jones, R.E. 1995. Stakeholder mismatching: A theoretical problem in empirical research on corporate social performance. International Journal of Organizational Analysis 3: pp.229-267 Zahra, S.A., and Pearce, J.A. II 1989. Boards of directors and corporate financial performance: A review and integrative model. Journal of Management 15: pp.291-334 A Study of Intuition in Decision-Making using Organizational Engineering Methodology By Ashley Floyd Fields How to cite The role of intuitive judgement in strategic decision-making, Essay examples

The Catcher in the Rye Overview

'The Catcher in the Rye' Overview The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, is one of the most well-known coming-of-age novels in American literature. Through the first-person narrative of teenager Holden Caulfield, the novel explores modern alienation and the loss of innocence. Fast Facts: The Catcher in the Rye Author: J.D. SalingerPublisher: Little, Brown and CompanyYear Published: 1951Genre: FictionType of Work: NovelOriginal Language: EnglishThemes: Alienation, innocence, deathCharacters: Holden Caulfield, Phoebe Caulfield, Ackley, Stradlater, Allie CaulfieldFun Fact: J.D. Salinger wrote a prequel (The Ocean Full of Bowling Balls) that tells the story of Holdens brothers death. Salinger donated the story to Princeton University on the condition it not be published until 50 years after his death- the year 2060. Plot Summary The novel begins with the narrator, Holden Caulfield, describing his experience as a student at Pencey Prep. He has been expelled after failing most of his classes. His roommate, Stradlater, wants Holden to write an essay for him so that he can go on a date. Holden writes the essay about his late brother Allies baseball glove. (Allie died of leukemia years prior.) Stradlater does not like the essay, and refuses to tell Holden whether he and his date had sex. Upset, Holden leaves campus and travels to New York City. He rents a room in a cheap hotel. He makes arrangements with the elevator operator to have a prostitute named Sunny visit his room, but when she arrives, he becomes uncomfortable and tells her that he just wants to talk to her. Sunny and her pimp, Maurice, demand more money and Holden gets punched in the stomach. The next day, Holden gets drunk and sneaks into his family’s apartment. He talks to his younger sister, Phoebe, whom he loves and regards as innocent. He tells Phoebe that he has a fantasy of being the catcher in the rye who catches children when they fall off a cliff while playing. When his parents come home, Holden leaves and travels to his former teacher Mr. Antolinis house, where he falls asleep. When he wakes up, Mr. Antolini is patting his head; Holden becomes disturbed and leaves. The next day, Holden takes Phoebe to the zoo and watches as she rides the carousel: his first true experience of happiness in the story. The story ends with Holden stating that he got sick and will be starting at a new school in the fall. Major Characters Holden Caulfield. Holden is sixteen years old. Intelligent, emotional, and desperately lonely, Holden is the epitome of an unreliable narrator. He is obsessed with death, especially the death of younger brother Allie. Holden strives to present himself as a cynical, smart, and worldly person. Ackley. Ackley is a student at Pencey Prep. Holden claims to despise him, but there are hints that Holden views Ackley as a version of himself. Stradlater. Stradlater is Holden’s roommate at Pencey. Confident, handsome, athletic, and popular, Stradlater is everything Holden wishes he could be. Phoebe Caulfield. Phoebe is Holden’s younger sister. She is one of the few people that Holden holds in high regard. Holden views Phoebe as smart, kind, and innocent- almost an ideal human being. Allie Caulfield. Allie is Holdens late younger brother, who died of leukemia before the start of the narrative. Major Themes Innocence vs. Phoniness. Phony is Holden’s insult of choice. He uses the word to describe most of the people and places he encounters. To Holden, the word implies artifice, a lack of authenticity, and pretension. To Holden, phoniness is a symptom of adulthood; by contrast, he views the innocence of children as a sign of true goodness. Alienation. Holden is isolated and alienated throughout the entire novel. His adventures are consistently focused on making some sort of human connection. Holden uses alienation to protect himself from mockery and rejection, but his loneliness drives him to keep trying to connect. Death. Death is the thread that runs through the story. For Holden, death is abstract; what Holden fears about death is the change that it brings. Holden continuously wishes for things to remain unchanged, and to be able to go back to better times- a time when Allie was alive. Literary Style Salinger employs naturalistic, slang-infused language to believably replicate the voice of a teenage boy, and injects the narration with filler words to lend it the same rhythm as the spoken word; the resulting effect is the sense that Holden is telling you this story. Holden is also an unreliable narrator, telling the reader that he is the most terrific liar you ever saw. As a result, the reader can’t necessarily trust Holden’s descriptions. About the Author J.D. Salinger was born in 1919 in Manhattan, New York. He burst onto the literary stage with the publication of his famous short story, A Perfect Day for Bananafish in 1948. Just three years later he published The Catcher in the Rye and solidified his reputation as one of the greatest authors of the 20th century. Superstardom did not agree with Salinger, and he became a recluse, publishing his last story in 1965 and giving his last interview in 1980. He died in 2010 at the age of 91.